usefulness and availability of various forms of #ginger #health #diet

2019.12.28: health/diet/ginger/
usefulness and availability of various forms of ginger:
2020: summary:
. Dr.Sears and others who promote
ginger as an anti-inflammatory,
suggest you should use only the fresh root
whereas the cheapest is dried root.
. people who are buying fresh ginger online
warn it can easily get moldy in storage;
so, it may be safer to buy only in store.
. I would like to find frozen cubed ginger;
but I found research that shows
powdered ginger does offer some benefits;
and, certain high-heat ginger extracts
may have more benefits than fresh.

2020.1.2: effects of various forms:

. ginger has at least 2 different varieties:
red (Zingiber officinale var. Rubra)
and white (Zingiber officinale Roscoe),
with red being a more powerful antioxidant
or inhibitor of lipid peroxidation.
[Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2012]

powdered ginger has significant effects:

. 3 grams of ginger powder is useful in type 2 diabetes
for reductions in fasting blood sugar
and HbA1c (long term glycemic control)
and improvement of insulin resistance.
. fasting blood sugar level showed a
decrease of 10.5% (p=0.003) in the mean.
[ Complement Ther Med. 2014:
The effect of ginger powder supplementation
on insulin resistance and glycemic indices
in patients with type 2 diabetes:
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.]

. 1 gram ginger powder per day for 12 weeks
reduced osteoarthritis pain.
[ J SHAHID SADOUGHI U [IRAN] 2012:
The effect of ginger (zingiber officinale) powder supplement
on pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis:
a double-blind randomized clinical trial.]

ginger extracts:

ginger's alcohol extract reduces edema
from certain causes including the
food additive carrageenan.
. prevention of serotonin-induced edema
may involve antagonism of the serotonin receptor.
[ Phytomedicine. 2003:
Anti-inflammatory effect of the
hydralcoholic extract of Zingiber officinale rhizomes
on rat paw and skin edema.[Brazil]].

Molecules. 2012:
6-shogaol-rich extract from ginger
up-regulates the antioxidant defense systems
in cells and mice. [Korea]
. Recent findings support the key roles of the
antioxidant response element (ARE)
in regulating the expressions of some phase II
and antioxidant enzymes such as
heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1),
glutathione S-transferase (GST), and NAD(P)H:
quinine oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1)
by phenolic antioxidants and other
naturally occurring cancer chemopreventive agents [1,3].
These enzymes protect cells and/or tissues from carcinogens
that can initiate carcinogenic process [1,4,5].
. ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)
is known to have several beneficial compounds
including gingerols and shogaols.
. a 6-shogaol-rich ginger extract
can be made by drying to powder at 80 °C
then extracting with 95% ethanol at 80 °C
rather than extracting at room temperature.
. this shogaol-rich extract may enhance
antioxidant defense mechanisms
through the induction of Nrf2 and HO-1
regulated by the p38 MAPK and PI3k/Akt pathway.
. it was tested for its effect on the
nuclear factor E2-related factor2 (Nrf2)/ARE pathway.
. it displayed much stronger inductions of
ARE-reporter gene activity and Nrf2 expression
than an extract done at a lower heat.
. it stimulated phosphorylations of
mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)
such as ERK, JNK, and p38.
Moreover, the extract-induced expressions of
Nrf2 and HO-1 were attenuated by
treatments of SB202190 (a p38 specific inhibitor)
and by LY294002 (an Akt specific inhibitor).
. the extract restored the chemically suppressed
activity and protein expression of
hepatic antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase,
glutathione peroxidase and catalase.
in vitro and in vivo.
full text.
more:
Nutr J. 2015:
Combined ginger extract & Gelam honey modulate
Ras/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathway genes
in colon cancer HT29 cells.
Chem Res Toxicol. 2014:
Ginger compound [6]-shogaol and its
cysteine-conjugated metabolite (M2)
activate Nrf2 in colon epithelial cells
in vitro and in vivo.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2013:
A novel shogaol analog suppresses
cancer cell invasion and inflammation,
and displays cytoprotective effects
through modulation of NF-κB and Nrf2-Keap1
signaling pathways.

. sublingual ginger with feverfew
is effective for some migrain headaches
but may cause oral numbness and nausea.
[ Headache. 2011:
A double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study
of sublingual feverfew and ginger (LipiGesic™ M)
in the treatment of migraine.]
. notice that while ginger is known for
reducing nausea,
and this product contains ginger,
it could sometimes cause nausea;
coincidentally, it's considered to have
homeopathic ingredients:
Feverfew (3X), Ginger (2X)
OTHER INGREDIENTS:
N.F. Grade Olive Oil, Silicon Dioxide, Peppermint Flavor.
[nih.gov 2011].

general ginger research:

see 319 Ginger Research Abstracts.

ISRN Obstetrics and Gynecology 2014:
Effect of Treatment with Ginger
on the Severity of Premenstrual Syndrome Symptoms.
. Studies showed beneficial effects of
ginger (Zingiber officinale)
on nausea, arthritis, and migraines.
. the use of ginger is effective in
reducing symptoms of dysmenorrhea [28, 29].
Primary dysmenorrhea is caused by
excessive production of prostaglandins
from the endometrial tissue;
and, 80% of cases of dysmenorrhea
can be improved with prostaglandin inhibitors[29].
. ginger can modulate the prostaglandins system.
. One of the proposed mechanisms that lead to
premenstrual syndrome
is change in prostaglandin system [7, 16, 36].
Ginger prevents the production of prostaglandins
through the inhibition of the metabolism of
cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase[35 --next].

35: Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2011:
Ginger and its health claims:
molecular aspects. [Pakistan]
. The pungent fractions of ginger include
gingerols, shogaols, paradols,
and volatile constituents like
sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes.
. The molecular targets involved in
chemoprevention [of cancer]
include the inhibition of NF-κB activation
via impairing nuclear translocation,
suppressing cIAP1 expression,
increasing caspase-3/7 activation,
arresting cell cycle in G2 + M phases,
up-regulating Cytochrome-c, Apaf-1,
activating PI3K/Akt/I kappaB kinases IKK,
suppressing cell proliferation,
and inducing apoptosis and chromatin condensation.
. anti-inflammatory effects of ginger include
inhibition of production of
prostaglandin and leukotriene,
and suppression of 5-lipoxygenase.
. ginger might be involved with
inhibition of phosphorylation of
3 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs),
extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2),
and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK).

Critical Rev Food Sci and Nutrition, 2011:
Update on the chemopreventive effects of
ginger and its phytochemicals.
. The putative active compounds are
nonvolatile pungent principles, namely
gingerols, shogaols, paradols, and zingerone.
The cancer preventive activities of ginger
are supposed to be mainly due to
free radical scavenging, antioxidant pathways,
alteration of gene expressions,
and induction of apoptosis,
all of which contribute towards decrease in
tumor initiation, promotion, and progression.
. seems to be promising for cancer prevention;
however, further clinical studies are warranted.

Reprod Toxicol. 2003
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)
in reproductive-age women:
a review of randomized controlled trials.
. This paper reviews randomized controlled trials
of CAM therapies for ob/gyn conditions.
. the Data definitely support the use of
acupressure for pregnancy nausea,
and calcium for PMS.
Preliminary studies indicate a role for
further research on (
Vitamin B6 or ginger for
nausea and vomiting of pregnancy;
calcium, magnesium, Vitamin B6,
or chaste-tree berry extract for PMS;
and a low-fat diet, exercise, or fish oil
for dysmenorrhea.
) [above you see a greater role for ginger]

2019.12.28: sourcing fresh organic ginger:

online:
Ginger lasts less than 3 weeks in the refrigerator
when left in its peel and sealed in a plastic bag.
aq:
seller's line of organic ginger and turmeric

co:

ginger in the fridge goes bad within a week;
but can last more than 2 months
in one of the cabinets (dry and dark).
. had all the nodules carefully scraped off of it
but did have the skin on it.
co:
. fresh root online often won't grow;
buy a potted ginger plant.
One I successfully grew in south Florida;
I live in the Northwest now,
and none have grown more than an initial stalk.
--
same for rowing turmeric:
won’t be able to tolerate any climate colder than 65F.
During winter months, turmeric needs less water
but growing season, keep the soil moist.
weekly feedings with a liquid fertilizer is ideal.